Dispersal and germination of fruit seed by omnivorous mammals such as bears is common in nature (Traveset & Willson, 1997). The importance of Asiatic Black Bears Ursus thibetanus Cuvier, 1823 in seed dispersal and germination have been documented in India and Japan (Koike et al., 2012; Sathyakumar & Viswanath, 2003). However, little is known about the role of Asiatic Black Bears (hereafter Black Bears) in seed germination and dispersal in other parts of the species range in Asia. In Iran, Black Bears are rare, least studied, and thus much of their ecology remains largely unknown (Yusefi, 2013). Typical of other areas, the diet of Black Bear in Iran consists of herbs, both wild and cultivated fruits, and animal matter (Ghadirian, Qashqaei, Soofi, Abolghasemi, & Ghoddousi, 2017). Seed germination and dispersal of date palm Phoenix dactylifera by Black Bears is common local knowledge in Baluchestan of Iran (Ziaie, 2008); however, no study has addressed the role of the species in this respect in the country. Here, we report the first evidence of date palm seed dispersal and germination (Figure 1) in the scats of Black Bears from the ‘Shushin’ area in Nikshahr County, which is located in Sistan and Baluchestan province, southeast of Iran.

The Iranian black bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus; IBB) is a critically endangered subspecies. The IBB needs connectivity to access seasonally available foods and to provide gene flow among populations in the mountains of Kerman, Hormozgan, and Sistan and Baluchistan provinces of Iran. We identified IBB cores to be used as termini for modelled corridors. We mapped 31 habitat cores based on 200 IBB presence points from studies during 2008–2013, and 70 presence points from our own observations of IBB footprints and scats in 2014. We used MaxEnt on 101 spatially independent presence points to map areas of high-quality habitat. The largest population patch (approx. 8,700 km2 ) covered 4 protected areas. We used least-cost modelling to model habitat corridors among 31 habitat cores. We considered a corridor locally important if it helped join nearby cores into a cluster that would support a large demographically and genetically vigorous population. We considered a corridor regionally important if it could connect the clusters united by local corridors. The most important local corridors were the corridors creating 4 clusters in the southeast of Iran. Also, we identified the 2 important regional corridors that could connect the 3 most important clusters. Although the density of roads in all habitat corridors was low (18.51 m/km2 ), roads crossed many important corridors. Conservation of main habitat cores and corridors for the IBB in southeastern Iran should be considered by the Department of Environment in Iran.